Which neurotransmitter systems are primarily affected by amphetamines?

Amphetamines primarily affect the dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin neurotransmitter systems. The mechanism of action of amphetamines involves the release and reuptake inhibition of these neurotransmitters, which leads to increased levels in the synaptic cleft.

Dopamine is particularly significant due to its role in the brain's reward pathways, influencing pleasure, motivation, and motor activity. This effect on dopamine is largely responsible for the stimulating and euphoric effects experienced by users of amphetamines.

Norepinephrine is involved in the body’s fight-or-flight response and influences arousal and attention. The increased norepinephrine activity can lead to heightened alertness and energy, which are characteristic of amphetamine use.

Amphetamines also impact serotonin pathways, which can modify mood and behaviors, potentially contributing to both the therapeutic effects of these drugs as well as side effects, such as increased anxiety or mood swings.

Therefore, the comprehensive action of amphetamines on dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin systems showcases their multifaceted neurochemical impact, justifying the selection of the answer concerning the neurotransmitter systems affected by these substances.